Under the hollow sky,
Stretched on the prairie lone,
Center of glory, I,
Bleeding, disdain to groan,
But like a battle-cry
Peal forth my thunder moan.
Baim-wah-wah !
|
Hark to those spirit notes!
Ye high heroes divine,
Hymned from your god-like throats
That song of praise is mine!
Mine, whose grave-pennon floats
O'er the foeman's line.
Baim-wah-wah !
|
--Death
Song "A be tuh ge zhig." Algonquin by Schoolcraft;
English by C. H. Hoffman.
THE FINAL TRAGEDY
It
is believed that the tragedy which gave Starved Rock its suggestive name
was a part of the aftermath of the wars of the conspiracy of Pontiac;
yet as. there
are no known cotemporary accounts of this occurrence, our knowledge of which
rests largely on tradition, Beckwith [Hiram W.] insists there is really
no authority at all to support
it, other than the "vague, though charming, traditions drawn from the wonder stories
of many tribes." Yet no reader of this sketch will, I hope, be willing,
however meager Mr. Beckwith may have considered our authorities, to now surrender,
at his dictum,
so. dramatic and picturesque a tale, hallowed as it is by the faith in its
truth of our pioneer predecessors, who have woven the tale into the fabric
of local historical
tradition. There is nothing in the least improbable in the legend; rather,
there is much to support the affirmations of Indian, French and American
tradition, that the tragedy of
the obliteration by starvation here of a race of dusky warriors did actually
take place as residents of the Illinois Valley have been led to believe ever
since the modern owners of
the lands came upon them.
It is not proposed to dwell on the Conspiracy of Pontiac.
The student of American history and the reader of romance alike will find
the record in, Parkman's volumes bearing that title.: a broad historic
projection for the student; history as charmingly told as romance for
the general reader. Suffice it here to say, that a few days before his
death, in 1769, Pontiac made his old friend, Pierre Chouteau, the trader,
a visit at St. Louis; and while there heard of an Indian drinking bout
or other festivities about to be held at Cahokia. Thither, in spite of
the warnings of his host, Pontiac went, in April, 1769, and while drunk,
was, at the instigation of an English trader named Williamson, murdered
for the bribe of a barrel of whiskey, by a Kaskaskia Indian.(1)
The
murder set the whole Illinois country aflame. "The news spread like lightning
through the country," says one account, quoted by Parkman. "The Indians
assembled in great numbers, attacked and destroyed all the Peorias, except about thirty
families, which were received into Fort De Chartres." All the authorities agree that
the murder "brought on successive wars, and the almost total extermination of the
Illinois." Parkman's own text says: "Could Pontiac's shade have
revisited the scene of his murder, his savage spirit would have exulted in
the vengeance which
overwhelmed the abettors of the crime. Whole tribes were rooted out to expiate
it. Chiefs and sachems, whose veins had thrilled with his eloquence; young
warriors, whose aspiring
hearts had caught the inspiration of his greatness, mustered to revenge his
fate; and from the north and the east, their united bands descended on the
villages of the Illinois.
Tradition has but faintly preserved the memory of the event; and its only
annalists, men who held the intestine feuds of the-savage tribes in no more
account than the quarrels of
panthers or wildcats, have left but a meager record. Yet enough remains to
tell us that over the grave of Pontiac more blood was poured out in atonement
than flowed from the
veins of the slaughtered heroes on the corpse of Patroclus; and the remnant
of the Illinois who survived the carnage remained forever after sunk in utter
insignificance."
The specific incident with which the name of Starved Rock is indissolubly linked is
nowhere mentioned in military reports of the time, for there was no contemporary white
man's war in whose annals such an event might be recorded; nor are the Pottawatomie
Indians alone to be charged with the horrors of the revenge wreaked by Pontiac's Indian
friends. Nevertheless, the Pottawatomie Indians, who had by this time come into possession
of most of the lands in Illinois formerly held by the several tribes who are named in a
group as the Illinois, were on the ground at this time, and without doubt took their part
in the general fighting.
The "wonder story" which Mr. Beckwith cites as the most
interesting of those preserving this tradition is that published by the late Judge John
Dean Caton, in a pamphlet entitled, "The Last of the Illinois and a
Sketch of the Pottawatomies.'' Judge Caton was very early a resident of Illinois
and of La Salle county
and knew well the pioneers and the disappearing Indians by personal contact.
In
his sketch he says that the wars against the Illinois had so reduced
them in numbers that now, in their direst extremity, driven hither as
a last refuge, "they found sufficient space upon the half acre of
ground which covers the summit of Starved Rock. As its sides are perpendicular,
ten men could repel ten thousand with the
means of warfare then at their command. The allies made no attempt to take
the fort on the Rock-by storm, but closely besieged it on every side.
On the north, or river side, the
upper rock overhangs the water somewhat, and tradition tells us how the confederates
placed themselves in canoes under the shelving rock and cut the thongs of
the besieged when they lowered their vessels to obtain water from the
river, and so reduced them by
thirst; but Meachelle, (2) as far as I know, never mentioned
this as one of the means resorted to by the confederates to reduce their
enemies, nor, from an
examination of , the ground, do I think this probable; but they depended
upon a lack of provisions, which we can readily appreciate must soon occur
to a savage people who rarely
anticipate the future in storing up supplies. How long the besieged held
out Meachelle did not, and probably could not, tell us; but at last the,
time came when the unfortunate
remnant could hold out no longer. They awaited but a favorable opportunity
to attempt their escape. This was at last afforded by a dark and stormy night,
when, led by their few
remaining warriors, all stole in profound silence down the steep and narrow
declivity to be met by a solid wall of their enemies surrounding the point
where alone a sortie could
be made, and which had been confidently expected. The horrid scene that ensued
can be better imagined than described. No quarter was asked or given. For
a time the howlings of. the tempest were drowned by the yells of the combatants
and the shrieks of
the victims.
"Desperation
lends strength to even enfeebled arms, but no efforts of valor could
resist the overwhelming numbers actuated by the direst hate. The braves
fell one by one, fighting like very fiends, and terribly did they revenge
themselves upon their enemies. The few women and children whom. famine
had left but enfeebled skeletons fell easy victims to the warclubs of
the terrible savages,
who deemed it as much a duty,
and almost as great, a glory, to slaughter the emaciated women and the helpless
children as to strike down the men who were able to make resistance with
arms in their hands. They
were bent upon the utter extermination of their hated enemies, and most successfully
did they bend their savage energies to the bloody task.
"Soon
the victims were stretched upon the slop- ground south and west of
the impregnable Rock, their bodies lying stark upon
the sand which lead been thrown up by the prairie winds. The wails of
the feeble and the strong had ceased to fret the night wind, whose
mournful
sighs through the neighboring pines sounded like a requiem. Here was
enacted the fitting finale to that work of death which had been commenced,
scarcely
a mile away, a century before by the still more savage and terrible Iroquois.
"Still,
all were not destroyed. Eleven of the most athletic warriors, in the
darkness and confusion of the fight, broke through the besieging lines.
They had marked well from their high perch on the isolated Rock the little
nook below
where their enemies had moored at least a part of their canoes, and to these
they rushed with headlong speed, unnoticed by their foes. Into these
they threw themselves, and
hurried down the rapids below. They had been trained to the use of the paddle
and the canoe, and knew well every intricacy of the channel, so that
they could safely thread it, even in the dark and boisterous night. They
knew their deadly enemies would soon be in their wake, and that there
was no safe refuge for them short
of St. Louis. They had no
provisions to sustain their waning strength, and yet it was certain death
to stop by the way. Their only hope was in pressing forward by night
and by day, without a moment's
pause, scarcely looking back, yet ever fearing that their pursuers would
make their appearance around the point they had last left behind. It
was truly a race for life. If
they could reach St. Louis, they were safe; if overtaken, there was; no hope.
We must leave to the imagination the details of a race where the stake
was so momentous to the
contestants. As life is sweeter even than revenge, we may safely assume that
the pursued were impelled to even greater exertions than the pursuers.
Those who ran for life won the
race. They reached St. Louis before their enemies came in sight, and told
their appalling tale to the commandant of the fort, from whom they received
assurances of protection, and
were generously supplied with food, which their famished condition so much
required. This had barely been done when their enemies arrived and fiercely
demanded their victims, that
no drop of blood of their hated enemies might longer circulate in human veins.
This was refused, when they retired with impotent threats of future vengeance
which they never had
the means of executing.
"After
their enemies had gone, the Illinois, who never after even claimed that
name, thanked their entertainers, and, full of sorrow which no words can
express, slowly paddled their way across the river, to seek new friends
among the tribes who then
occupied the southern part of this State, and who would listen with sympathy
to the sad tale they had to relate. They alone remained the broken remnant
and, last representatives
of their once great nation. Their name, even now, must be blotted out from
among the names of the aboriginal tribes. Henceforth they must cease
to be of the present, and could
only be remembered as a part of the past. This is the last we know of the
'last of the Illinois.' They were once a, great and prosperous people,
as advanced and as humane as any
of the aborigines around them; we do not know that a drop of their blood
now animates a human being, but their name is perpetuated in this great
State, of whose record of the
past all of us feel so proud, and of whose future the hopes of us all are
so sanguine.
"Till
the morning light revealed that the canoes were gone the confederates
believed that their sanguinary work had been so thoroughly done that
not a
living soul remained. So soon as the escape was discovered, the pursuit was
commenced, but as we have seen, without success. The pursuers returned
disappointed and dejected that
their enemies' scalps were not hanging from their belts. But surely blood
enough had been spilled; vengeance should have been more than satisfied."
I
have failed, no doubt, to properly render Meachelle's account of this
sad drama, for I have been obliged to use my own language, without the inspiration
awakened in him by the memory of vile scene which served as his first baptism
in blood. Who can wonder that it made a lasting impression oil his youthful
mind? Still, he was not
fond of relating it, nor would he speak of it except to those who had acquired
his confidence and intimacy. It is probably the only account to be lead
related by an
eye-witness, and we may presume that it is the most authentic."
While
the writer must confess that the learned jurist's version of the Starved
Rock tradition is open to the criticism that some of its details are
improbable,
nevertheless of the substantial truth of the legend, we believe there can
be but little doubt. Even man's wonder stories have always something
of fact, of human experience, or of
physical phenomena, behind them, as one might reply" to Mr. Beckwith's
skepticism. But the story of,Starved Rock, as told by Judge Caton, has been
corroborated by other
competent searchers for the truth, especially by the late Hon. Perry A. Armstrong,
of Morris, another of the pioneers of LaSalle county, Illinois, who knew
personally many of
the famous Indians of this part of the State, who died subsequently to the
coming of the permanent American settlers. Among these was an old chief named
Shick Shack, claiming to
be 104 years of age, who, as Mr. Armstrong said, in an address at a celebration
at Starved Rock of the two-hundredth anniversary (September 10, 1873; printed
in the Ottawa Free
Trader) of its discovery, told him substantially the same story that Meachelle told
Judge Caton, which the latter published in 1876. Shick Shack said he was present at the
siege, a boy half grown.
The late N. Matson of Princeton, was another student of this legend. In
prosecuting his researches [for his 1882 book, Pioneers of Illinois],
he spent much time (prior to 1882) with the descendants of French colonists
who had lived at Kaskaskia
and Cahokia in the eighteenth century. Mr. Matson was more than convinced
of the truth of the legend, so called. Indeed, he goes so far as to identify "the only survivor of
the fearful tragedy." This warrior, Mr. Matson tells us, was a young man,
"partly white, being a descendant on his father's side from the French.
Being alone in the world after the catastrophe, he went to Peoria, joined
the colony, and there ended
his days. He embraced Christianity; and became an officer in the church,
assuming the name of Antonio La Bell; and his descendants are now (1882)
living near Prairie du Rocher, one
of whom, Charles La Bell, was a party to a suit in the United States court
to recover the land on which the city of Peoria now stands."
Mr. Matson
further states that Col. Jos. N. Bourassa, a descendant of the Illinois
French, living (1882) in Kansas, had collected a large number of stories
relating to the Starved Rock tragedy; and himself had heard two aged warriors,
who
participated in the massacre, narrate many incidents which took place at
that time. Another old Indian named Mashaw, once well known by early
Ottawa and Hennepin traders, Mr.
Matson says, also made various statements, through an interpreter, in relation
to the tragedy, to early American traders and settlers. Mashaw said that
seven Indians escaped
from the Rock. Medore Jennette, an employee of the Chouteaus, the famous
fur traders at St. Louis, who lived many years at the Pottawatomie village
at the mouth of Fox River.
[Ottawa], has left many traditions of this tragedy: to his descendants, according
to Mr. Matson, Jennette came to the country in 1772 and says he himself
saw the bones of the dead
Illinois upon the Rock. An Indian named Shaddy (or Shaty) was still another
who gave Mr. Matson details of, this story, which he had from his father,
who was present. Shaddy
(Shaty) said only one man, the half-breed La Bell, escaped. Two traders,
Robert Maillet and Felix La Pance, are said to have left the record that,
returning from Canada with
goods, they saw the buzzards on Starved Rock cleaning the bones of the dead.
Further, -Mr. Matson adds that Father Buche, a priest at Peoria, traveling
up Illinois River the
following spring (1770), ascended the Rock and there saw the horrid evidences
of the tragedy, the holy Father's written story of this visit being in
manuscript (dated April,
1770) which, in 1882, was in the hands of one Hypolite Pilette, then living
on the American Bottom.
Not to go further,
it may be said in conclusion that there is nothing improbable in the
Starved Rock legend. In this narrative we have seen the Rock, at least
once used as a refuge and its occupants subjected to siege, although it did
not come to so
dire a consummation as the siege we are considering; but the murderous character
of this denouement is entirely consistent with Indian habit and practice.
Speaking of the
remorseless massacre of several hundred Foxes (Outagamies) at Detroit, 1712,
by French .and Indians, Parkman [in Half-Century of Conflict]
says: "There is a
disposition, to assume that events like that just recounted were a consequence
of the contact of white men with red, but the primitive Indian was quite
able to enact such
tragedies without the aid of Europeans. Before French or English influence
had been felt in the interior of the continent, a great part of North
America was the frequent witness
of scenes more lurid in coloring and on a larger scale of horror. In the
first half of the seventeenth century the whole country, from Lake Superior
to the Tennessee and from the
Alleghenies to the Mississippi, was ravaged by. wars of extermination, in
which tribes, large and powerful, by Indian standards, perished, dwindled
into feeble remnants or were
absorbed by other tribes and vanished from sight." Extermination of
the red man by red men's and white men's hands alike was the fate of the
Indian; and the Starved Rock
tragedy was but an incident of the resistless and remorseless movement of
Indian destiny. |